César Pelli

César Pelli (born October 12, 1926 in San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina) is an Argentine architect known for designing some of the world's tallest buildings and other major urban landmarks. His designs are known for their curved facades and metallic elements.
In 1991, the American Institute of Architects (AIA) listed Pelli among the ten most influential living American architects. His many awards include the 1995 AIA Gold Medal which recognizes a body of work of lasting influence on the theory and practice of architecture.
Perhaps his most famous work are the Petronas Twin Towers, which were for a time the world's tallest buildings. He also designed the World Financial Center complex in downtown Manhattan, which surround the now-fallen World Trade Center.
After studying architecture at the Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Pelli completed his studies at the School of Architecture at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. He started his career in the New Haven offices of architect Eero Saarinen.
He emigrated to the United States in 1952 and became a naturalized U.S. citizen in 1964. He married Diana Balmori, a renowned landscape and urban designer. They had two children: Denis, a neurobiologist and Professor of Psychology and Neural Science at New York University and Rafael, also a renowned architect.
Pelli served as dean of the School of Architecture at Yale University from 1977 to 1984. His firm employs about 100 architects, designers, and support staff in New Haven, Connecticut.
Pelli wrote a book, "Observations for Young Architects."
In 2007, Duke University commissioned him to plan a 20- to 50-year revitalization of its Central Campus.[1]
On May 26, 2008, Yale University bestowed an honorary Doctor of Arts degree to Pelli for his work in Architecture.[2]
The Petronas Twin Towers (Malay: Menara Berkembar Petronas) (also known as the Petronas Towers or just Twin Towers), in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia are twin towers and were the world's tallest buildings before being surpassed by Taipei 101. However, the towers are still the tallest twin buildings in the world. They were the world's tallest buildings from 1998 to 2004 if measured from the level of the main entrance to the structural top, the original height reference used by the international organization Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat from 1969 (three additional height categories were introduced as the tower neared completion in 1996)
History
Designed by Argentine-American architect César Pelli, the Petronas Towers were completed in 1998 after a seven year build and became the tallest buildings in the world on the date of completion.[6] They were built on the site of Kuala Lumpur's race track.[7] Because of the depth of the bedrock, the buildings were built on the world's deepest foundations.[8] The 120-meter foundations were built within 12 months by Bachy Soletanche, and required massive amounts of concrete.[9]
The 88-floor towers are constructed largely of reinforced concrete, with a steel and glass facade designed to resemble motifs found in Islamic art, a reflection of Malaysia's Muslim religion.[10] Another Islamic influence on the design is that the cross section of the towers is based on a Rub el Hizb (albeit with circular sectors added to meet office space requirements).[11]
Due to a lack of steel and the huge cost of importing steel, the towers were constructed on a cheaper radical design of super high-strength reinforced concrete.[12] High-strength concrete is a material familiar to Asian contractors and twice as effective as steel in sway reduction; however, it makes the building twice as heavy on its foundation than a comparable steel building. Supported by 23-by-23 meter concrete cores[13] and an outer ring of widely spaced super columns, the towers use a sophisticated structural system that accommodates its slender profile and provides 560,000 square metres of column-free office space.[14] Below the twin towers is Suria KLCC, a shopping mall, and Dewan Filharmonik Petronas, the home of the Malaysian Philharmonic Orchestra.
Other buildings have used spires to increase their height but have always been taller overall to the pinnacle when trying to claim the title. In the aftermath of the controversy, the rules governing official titles were partially overhauled, and a number of buildings re-classified structural antenna as architectural details to boost their height rating (even though nothing was actually done to the building).

Tenants of the Petronas Twin Towers

Tower One is fully occupied by Petronas and a number of its subsidiaries and associate companies, while the office spaces in Tower Two are mostly available for lease to other companies.[15] A number of companies have offices in Tower Two, including Accenture, Al Jazeera English, Carigali Hess Bloomberg, Boeing, IBM, Khazanah Nasional Berhad, McKinsey & Co, TCS, HCL Technologies, Krawler Networks, Microsoft, The Agency (a modeling company) and Reuters.
The lift (elevator) system
The main bank of Otis lifts is located in the centre of each tower. All main lifts are double-decker with the lower deck of the lift taking passengers to odd numbered floors and upper deck to even numbered floors. To reach an even-numbered floor from ground level, passengers must take an escalator to the upper deck of the elevator.[24]
From the ground floor, there are three groups of lifts. The "short haul" group of 6 lifts take passengers to floors between level 2/3 and level 16/17. The "mid haul" group of 6 lifts take passengers to floors between level 18/19 and level 37/38. There is also a set of shuttle lifts that take passengers directly to levels 41/42. To get to levels above 41/42, passengers must take the shuttle lifts, then change to lifts to the upper floors. These connecting lifts are directly above the lifts that serve levels 2 to 38. The pattern now repeats with the upper levels, one set serving levels 43/44 to 57/58 and one set serving levels 59/60 to levels 73/74.[24]
Apart from this main bank of lifts, there are a series of "connecting" lifts to take people between the groups. Unlike the main lifts, these are not the double-decker type. Two lifts are provided to take people from levels 37/38 to levels 41/42 (levels 39 and 40 are not accessible as office space). This spares someone in the lower half of the building from having to go back to the ground floor to go to the upper half of the building.
The lifts contain a number of safety features. It is possible to evacuate people from a lift stuck between floors by manually driving one of the adjacent lifts next to it and opening a panel in the wall. It is then possible for people in the stuck lift to walk between elevator cars.[25] During an evacuation of the buildings, only the shuttle lift is allowed to be used, as there are only doors at levels G/1 and levels 41/42; therefore should there be a fire in the lower half of the building, this enclosed shaft would remain unaffected. Firefighter lifts are also provided in case of emergency.[25]
[edit] Service building
The service building is to the east of the Petronas Towers and contains the services required to keep the building operational, such as dissipating the heat from the air-conditioning system for all 88 levels in both towers.
[edit] Notable events
Thousands of people were evacuated on September 12, 2001 after a bomb threat was phoned in the day after the September 11 attacks destroyed the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center in New York City. Bomb Disposal squads found no bomb in the Petronas towers but they evacuated everyone. Workers and shoppers were allowed to return three hours later, around noon. No-one was hurt during the evacuation.[26]
On the evening of November 4, 2005, a fire broke out in the cinema complex of the Suria KLCC shopping centre below the Petronas Twin Towers, triggering panic among patrons who joined screaming in the thick, acrid smoke. There were no reports of injuries. The buildings were largely empty (except the shopping mall, Suria KLCC) because of the late hour; the only people involved were moviegoers and some diners in restaurants.[27]
On the morning of September 1, 2009, French urban climber, Alain "Spiderman" Robert, using only his bare hands and feet and with no safety devices, scaled to the top of Tower Two in just under 2 hours after two previous efforts had ended in arrest.[28] On March 20, 1997, police arrested him at the 60th floor, 28 floors away from the "summit." He made a second attempt on March 20, 2007, exactly 10 years later, and was stopped once again on the same floor (though on the other tower).[29]
[edit] Popular culture
The Petronas Towers were a setting for some scenes in the 1999 film Entrapment starring Sean Connery and Catherine Zeta-Jones.[30] It ends in a dramatic pursuit of the two stars by the Pasukan Gerakan Khas, eventually leading to Connery's capture and Zeta-Jones's escape. In the episode "Bound and Buried", in Life After People: The Series, the towers are shown collapsing 500 years after people due to corrosion and the weakening of the concrete columns. The towers also feature in three levels of the game Hitman 2: Silent Assassin where the player travels from one tower to another using the sky bridge, though it is unlike the real sky bridge; instead of being a narrow passageway, the sky bridge is wide and entered by breaking a panel of glass. The PS2 game Burnout Dominator features the Twin Towers as Spiritual Towers. Episode 22 from the anime series Cowboy Bebop shows what closely resembles the Petronas Twin Towers being blown up by a terrorist. This was taken off the air for a short time post-9/11. The Petronas Towers are also a major setting in the 2006 Bollywood film, Don - The Chase Begins Again, starring Shahrukh Khan and 2005 Kollywood film, Anniyan, directed by S. Shankar. Also, in the 2007 movie, Billa starring Ajith, Nayanthara, Namitha, a remake of the 1980 classic Billa by Rajnikanth, the Petronas Twin Towers are being seen as a major setting. It's also can be seen in Joseph Vijay's Kuruvi and Surya Sivakumar's Ayan
The lift (elevator) system
The main bank of Otis lifts is located in the centre of each tower. All main lifts are double-decker with the lower deck of the lift taking passengers to odd numbered floors and upper deck to even numbered floors. To reach an even-numbered floor from ground level, passengers must take an escalator to the upper deck of the elevator.[24]
From the ground floor, there are three groups of lifts. The "short haul" group of 6 lifts take passengers to floors between level 2/3 and level 16/17. The "mid haul" group of 6 lifts take passengers to floors between level 18/19 and level 37/38. There is also a set of shuttle lifts that take passengers directly to levels 41/42. To get to levels above 41/42, passengers must take the shuttle lifts, then change to lifts to the upper floors. These connecting lifts are directly above the lifts that serve levels 2 to 38. The pattern now repeats with the upper levels, one set serving levels 43/44 to 57/58 and one set serving levels 59/60 to levels 73/74.[24]
Apart from this main bank of lifts, there are a series of "connecting" lifts to take people between the groups. Unlike the main lifts, these are not the double-decker type. Two lifts are provided to take people from levels 37/38 to levels 41/42 (levels 39 and 40 are not accessible as office space). This spares someone in the lower half of the building from having to go back to the ground floor to go to the upper half of the building.
The lifts contain a number of safety features. It is possible to evacuate people from a lift stuck between floors by manually driving one of the adjacent lifts next to it and opening a panel in the wall. It is then possible for people in the stuck lift to walk between elevator cars.[25] During an evacuation of the buildings, only the shuttle lift is allowed to be used, as there are only doors at levels G/1 and levels 41/42; therefore should there be a fire in the lower half of the building, this enclosed shaft would remain unaffected. Firefighter lifts are also provided in case of emergency.[25]
[edit] Service building
The service building is to the east of the Petronas Towers and contains the services required to keep the building operational, such as dissipating the heat from the air-conditioning system for all 88 levels in both towers.
[edit] Notable events
Thousands of people were evacuated on September 12, 2001 after a bomb threat was phoned in the day after the September 11 attacks destroyed the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center in New York City. Bomb Disposal squads found no bomb in the Petronas towers but they evacuated everyone. Workers and shoppers were allowed to return three hours later, around noon. No-one was hurt during the evacuation.[26]
On the evening of November 4, 2005, a fire broke out in the cinema complex of the Suria KLCC shopping centre below the Petronas Twin Towers, triggering panic among patrons who joined screaming in the thick, acrid smoke. There were no reports of injuries. The buildings were largely empty (except the shopping mall, Suria KLCC) because of the late hour; the only people involved were moviegoers and some diners in restaurants.[27]
On the morning of September 1, 2009, French urban climber, Alain "Spiderman" Robert, using only his bare hands and feet and with no safety devices, scaled to the top of Tower Two in just under 2 hours after two previous efforts had ended in arrest.[28] On March 20, 1997, police arrested him at the 60th floor, 28 floors away from the "summit." He made a second attempt on March 20, 2007, exactly 10 years later, and was stopped once again on the same floor (though on the other tower).[29]
[edit] Popular culture
The Petronas Towers were a setting for some scenes in the 1999 film Entrapment starring Sean Connery and Catherine Zeta-Jones.[30] It ends in a dramatic pursuit of the two stars by the Pasukan Gerakan Khas, eventually leading to Connery's capture and Zeta-Jones's escape. In the episode "Bound and Buried", in Life After People: The Series, the towers are shown collapsing 500 years after people due to corrosion and the weakening of the concrete columns. The towers also feature in three levels of the game Hitman 2: Silent Assassin where the player travels from one tower to another using the sky bridge, though it is unlike the real sky bridge; instead of being a narrow passageway, the sky bridge is wide and entered by breaking a panel of glass. The PS2 game Burnout Dominator features the Twin Towers as Spiritual Towers. Episode 22 from the anime series Cowboy Bebop shows what closely resembles the Petronas Twin Towers being blown up by a terrorist. This was taken off the air for a short time post-9/11. The Petronas Towers are also a major setting in the 2006 Bollywood film, Don - The Chase Begins Again, starring Shahrukh Khan and 2005 Kollywood film, Anniyan, directed by S. Shankar. Also, in the 2007 movie, Billa starring Ajith, Nayanthara, Namitha, a remake of the 1980 classic Billa by Rajnikanth, the Petronas Twin Towers are being seen as a major setting. It's also can be seen in Joseph Vijay's Kuruvi and Surya Sivakumar's Ayan

SENI REKA HIASAN DALAMAN

1. KATEGORI REKA BENTUK
Ruang
a ) Ruang Kediaman
- ruang tamu
- ruang makan
- ruang kerja / bilik bacaan
- bilik tidur
- ruang dapur
- bilik air
- anjung

b ) Ruang awam atau komersil
- ruang pejabat
- restoran
-bank
- bilik pameran

2. ASPEK ASAS REKAAN DALAMAN
a) Ruang – dapat dilihat dari aspek bentuk dan saiz, ruang perlu disesuaikan dengan penggunaannya untuk kelihatan lebih luas, ceria dan selesa.

b) Peredaran udara – amat penting untuk menjamin keselesaan dan kesihatan penghuninya. Penggunaan kipas dan penyaman udara dapat membantu peredaran udara.

c) Pengcahayaan – ia dapat menimbulkan suasana yang ceria, tenang dang romantik. Pengcahayaan dapat ditentukan oleh kedudukan dan saiz pintu atau tingkap, lampu, dan penggunaan cermin.

d) Warna – merupakan unsur penting dalam kehidupan. Warna boleh menimbulkan kesan harmoni dan ceria. Warna sejuk menimbulkan ketenangan serta luas manakala warna panas keceriaan. Warna gelap akan menjadikan ruang kelihatan sempit.

e) Perabot – susun atur dan saiz perabot dapat mempengaruhi keluasan sesuatu ruang. Pemilihan perabot penting dalam menentikan tema sesuatu ruang seperti gaya Inggeris, Tropika, Kontemporary dan sebagainya.

3. PRINSIP REKA BENTUK
Prinsip asas reka bentuk hiasan dalaman adalah keseimbangan, harmoni, penegasan, kesatuan dan keseragaman.

Tips Mengekalkan Jambangan Bunga.

Tanpa kaedah yang betul, jambangan bunga hidup tidak tahan lama.
Kunci kepada pengekalan kesegaran jambangan bunga hidup adalah dengan memastikan air yang digunakan sentiasa bersih dan bahagian batang yang dipotong bebas dari poket udara supaya ia boleh terus menyerap air.
Caranya begini;


• Langkah pertama, beli hanya bunga yang paling segar.

• Pilih jambangan bunga yang masih belum berkembang dengan daun yang berkilat; elakkan kuntuman bunga yang layu atau telah kembang masak.

• Potong batang kuntuman bunga yang baru dibeli lebih kurang 2.5 sm di bawah air yang mengalir. Potong pada sudut 45°. Gunakan pisau tajam atau gunting pemangkas yang sebenar bagi memastikan bahagian batang yang dipotong tidak pecah atau hancur.

• Pilih pasu yang tidak menyesakkan bunga-bunga berkenaan. Isikan dengan 8 cm air yang agak suam. Potongan batang yang terendam air akan mula mereput, sebab itu jangan penuhkan pasu dengan air.

• Buang semua daun yang mungkin boleh jatuh ke dalam air. Daun reput dalam air menggalakkan perkembangan bakteria yang akan melitupi bahagian potongan batang dan mengurangkan kemampuan bunga menyerap air.

• Letakkan jambangan bunga di ruang yang sejuk, tidak terkena cahaya matahari secara langsung. Juga jangan letak jambangan bunga berdekatan dengan buah-buahan masak kerana gas ethylene yang dibebaskan oleh buahan-buahan berkenaan akan memendekkan umur kesegaran bunga-bunga anda.

• Setiap hari, potong batang kuntuman bunga sepanjang 0.5 sm pada sudut 45° di bawah aliran air dan tukar air di dalam pasu.

tip susun Sofa

Ruang tamu yang praktikal serta menarik perlu mempunyai sofa yang selesa, cahaya yang cukup, feature wall yang menonjol, warna-warna yang menyegarkan, dsbnya.
Tip menyusun sofa atau tempat duduk di ruang tamu:-


1. Jika ruang tamu ingin dimanfaatkan tempat merai tetamu sepenuhnya, tempat duduk elok disusun berdekatan supaya tetamu merasai kemesraan tuan rumah. Pastikan jarak di antara tempat duduk tidak terlalu jauh hingga mewujudkan ruang di tengah yang boleh menjadi kawasan lalu-lalang. Ini akan mengganggu perbualan dan sebaiknya, aliran lalu-lalang disediakan di belakang sofa.

2. Ambil kira keluasan ruang tamu, kedudukan tingkap dan pintu sebelum memilih tempat duduk kerana sofa memerlukan ruang. Pastikan kehadirannya tidak menghalang kawasan lalu-lalang di muka pintu atau sekitar ruang tamu.

3. Jika ruang tamu anda memanjang dan sempit, bahagikan tempat duduk kepada dua kumpulan iaitu sama ada tempat duduk gaya susunan 2 + 1 + 1 atau gaya susunan 1 + 1 dan di sudut lain ditempatkan kerusi kayu serta rotan yang ringkas. Meja kopi diletak di bahagian tengah.

4. Sofa dua atau tiga tempat duduk tidak bukan bermakna sepanjang masa diduduki. Biasanya ia tidak digunakan sepenuhnya pada satu masa kerana menyukarkan perbualan. Di sini, perlunya tambahan sofa satu tempat duduk yang dapat memberi keselesaan.

5. Ruang tamu yang digunakan untuk berbual dan menikmati hidangan ringan memerlukan meja kopi besar diletakkan di tengah ruang dilengkapi meja sisi serta sepasang sofa dua atau tiga tempat duduk diatur bertentangan.

6. Untuk mengelakkan kebosanan selain mewujudkan tata hias menarik, pastikan fabrik pelbagai warna dan corak dipilih. Gabungan sofa dan kerusi pula mampu mewujudkan kelainan.

7. Kerusi beralas tangan jenis rotan dan kayu serta sofa bersayap menampilkan gaya menarik. Selain itu, ia boleh dijadikan tempat duduk tambahan dan sudut membaca.

model INteriOR dESIgn

RETRO DESIGN

Pada tahun 1930 Seni Hiasan menggabungkan dengan satu pintalan menghiburkan, sedikit nostalgia dan satu kebolehan bergaya dan anda baru sahaja mungkin berfikir untuk menghasilkan rekabentuk Retro . Meletakkan ke dalam penjenamaan perdagangan kukuh dan intipati satu perincian era, Retro Design muncul dalam perabot kontemporari dengan banyak gaya.
Rekaan-rekaan retro adalah sering terkenang-kenang set-set filem besar hitam klasik dan filem-filem putih. Rekaan-rekaan itu adalah sebagai licin berkilat dan bergaya sebagai bintang-bintang mereka era dan tidak pernah menjadi menjemukan. Rekaan-rekaan ke belakang benar-benar abadi karya-karya agung.
Hanya meletakkan, Retro adalah kekurangan untuk retrospektif dan menyebabkan seseorang itu untuk mengingat kembali dalam masa, merenungkan ideal satu umur. Satu bertambah satu penghargaan untuk pekerja-pekerja mahir itu, arkitek-arkitek dan pereka perabot dikaitkan dengan pandangan tersendiri Retro. Moden dan Retro Designs adalah sering pengaruh untuk perabot ciri-ciri itu membersihkan, garisan-garisan kukuh, tema bulat dan minimalisme.
perbezaan utama dia antara Modern dan Retro adalah Retro sering menggabungkan lebih humor dalam rekaan-rekaannya. Seni pop berwarna-warni dan 1950 sitcom merujuk kadang-kadang menghias perabot berbentuk tiub bingkai-bingkai dan bayang-bayang geometri. Butir-butir kecil sering membezakan Modern daripada Retro Design sejak talian yang membezakan mereka adalah sering kabur.
perbezaan utama dia antara Modern dan Retro adalah Retro sering menggabungkan lebih humor dalam rekaan-rekaannya. Seni pop berwarna-warni dan 1950 sitcom merujuk kadang-kadang menghias perabot berbentuk tiub bingkai-bingkai dan bayang-bayang geometri. Butir-butir kecil sering membezakan Modern daripada Retro Design sejak talian yang membezakan mereka adalah sering kabur.

sample on interior design..

Pola-pola Tangga - Pandangan ringan...

Jika rumah mempunyai sebuah tangga kemudian ia adalah penting ia menambah untuk keindahan rumah. Tangga jika bukan dipilih dengan betul boleh merosakkan keseluruhan pandangan rumah. Anak-anak tangga moden ini daripada Cast adalah sesuatu anda harus rumah mempunyai sebuah tangga kemudian ia adalah penting ia menambah untuk keindahan rumah. Tangga jika bukan dipilih dengan betul boleh merosakkan keseluruhan pandangan rumah. Anak-anak tangga moden ini daripada Cast adalah sesuatu anda harus mempertimbangkan jika perlu satu anda dalam rumah. Mereka semula jadi tipis dan padat dan tangga berangin rekaan-rekaan akan menambah kelapangan dalam mana-mana bilik anda memasang. berbeza dibuat tersedia oleh Cast kaca tangga didapati di pelangi menarik warna-warna, ketika terdapat rekaan-rekaan buaian yang diperbadankan pagar linear dengan selari.

Kontemporari Mewah Cantik Pangsapuri Direka Dalam San Francisco

Reka bentuk pangsapuri ditunjukkan di bawah terletak dalam jantung San Francisco dan adalah penciptaan dan rekaan-rekaan Zack Vito Architecture. Rumah ini menerima untuk membentuk semula dan telah siap sangat baru-baru ini. Sangat mewah dengan atas Reka bentuk pangsapuri ditunjukkan di bawah terletak dalam jantung San Francisco dan adalah penciptaan dan rekaan-rekaan Zack Vito Architecture. Rumah ini menerima untuk membentuk semula dan telah siap sangat baru-baru ini. Sangat mewah dengan kualiti produk atas menjadi ia dalam perabot atau aksesori bilik mandi telah digunakan. Pereka ini diminta untuk mereka bentuk dengan tiada had-had untuk memperuntukkan dan mereka telah membentuk semula rumah bagi mewujudkan mahakarya. Ini merupakan 3500 pangsapuri kaki persegi terletak pada lantai ke-19. Reka bentuk itu memberi satu rasa hidup di tepi dan menenangkan pemandangan.

HIASAN RUMAH IDAMAN..

Rumah ini terletak pada 30,000 plot kaki persegi. Melihat di rumah ia seperti sebuah mimpi benar-benar berlaku. Reka bentuk rumah mendapat sedikit inspirasi dari Asia. Rumah itu kelihatan sangat menerangi dan berangin walaupun kebanyakan daripada bilik-bilik itu mempunyai buluh floorings warna-warna gelap. Terdapat banyak penggunaan lampu tiruan tetapi ia nampaknya tidak akan menjadi tiruan kerana ia telah dikisar baik dengan cahaya semula jadi yang terlalu adalah dalam kelimpahan. Sebuah kolam dibina di pintu masuk dan di kawasan belakang

Rumah Kecil..

Rumah kecil cantik telah direkabentuk oleh Pb Elemental Architecture. Mereka tahu bagaimana untuk membuat pekerjaan terbaik dengan tempat paling kecil. Walaupun tapak rumah ini adalah terbina pada ialah hanya 1600 kaki persegi, masih kelihatan ia seperti rumah kecil cantik dia telah direkabentuk oleh Pb Elemental Architecture. Mereka tahu bagaimana untuk membuat pekerjaan terbaik dengan tempat paling kecil. Walaupun tapak rumah ini adalah terbina pada ialah hanya 1600 kaki persegi, masih kelihatan ia seperti sebuah rumah besar mewah disebabkan oleh cara bilik-bilik itu dan saling sambung antara bilik-bilik telah direka bentuk. Bajet untuk oleh pelanggan itu adalah amat ketat walaupun keluarga itu adalah besar dan masih berkembang, tetapi arkitek itu berjaya semuanya sesuai diperlukan dalam belanjawan ketat dan kawasan kecil. Ini merupakan satu sampel benar moden direka dalam satu